1.Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, National
Academy of Scienses of Ukraine, Ukraine, Lviv, UA-290011, Sventsitskii Street, house 1.E–mail: mryglod@icmp.lviv.ua
2.Institut for Theoretische Physik, University
Linz, 4040-Linz, Wsterreich
3.State University ''Lvivska Politekhnika'', 12 Bandera
St, UA-290013 Lviv, Ukraine
Introduction
Since the invention of
magnetic fluid, the characteristics of these fluids have been progressively
improved and applications in various fields are growing. From the theoretical
point of view, ab initio investigation of static and especially dynamical
properties of ferrofluids still remains to be an important problem. In this
report the results for hydrodynamic collective mode spectrum, transport coefficients
as well as for the hydrodynamic time correlation fuctions of a Heisenberg model
ferrofluid obtained within microscopic statistical approach will be presented.
A Heisenberg model
ferrofluid
To study ferrofluid, we considered a model in which the particles
interact via pair potentials. The Hamiltonian of such system is a sum of two
terms. The first described the classical translational degrees of freedom of
particles. The second one is the Hamiltonian of «magnetic» subsystem
describing spin degrees of freedom (or orientational motions). Contrary to the
first term, the Hamiltonian of «magnetic» subsystem can be considered
either as classical or quantum mechanical. Such model is rather general and the
interactions have to be specified for subsequent calculations. In particular,
for the description of translational motions one can choose a Lennard-Jones
potential, hard or soft sphere, etc. The spin interaction may be considered
either as an isotropic Heisenberg-like or dipolar one.
Results and Discussion
For derivation of the
hydrodynamic equations, the Zubarev's method of the non-equilibrium statistical
operator [1]
has been used. The general procedure for solving the Liouville equation was
described in detail in Ref.[2].
The set of hydrodynamic equations for the densities of conserved variables such
as mass-, momentum-, energy- and spin-density are obtained. The microscopic
expressions for the generalized (k-depending)
thermodynamic quantities and generalized (k-
and -depending) transport coefficients are derived. The hydrodynamic
equations, the structure of frequency matrix and matrix of memory functions are
written in a form which allows to consider the limiting cases, where the system
reduces to the hydrodynamic description of a pure ``liquid'' or a pure
''magnetic'' system. It is shown the equations transform to the well-known
system of molecular hydrodynamic equations [3],
the variables of ''magnetic'' subsystem having been formally neglected. This
limit is reached in practice when the spin relaxation is much faster than
process with typical time scale of the ''liquid'' subsystem. In another
limiting case if the relaxation in a ''magnetic'' subsystem is much more slower
than typical time scales of a ''liquid'' subsystem, the hydrodynamic equations
of ferromagnets (see, e.g., Ref.[4])
are obtained. However, it is important to note the averaging in both limiting
cases is more complicated than in case of a simple liquid or for a pure
magnetic system. In general the mutual influence of one subsystem on the other
takes place. Excluding the variables of ''faster'' subsystem from the
hydrodynamic equations, the renormalized transport coefficients are found for
the subsystem with ''slower'' dynamical processes. Taking into consideration
only magnetic relaxation processes in an external field, the generalized Bloch
equation has been derived. This result will be discussed in comparison with
other ones obtained within microscopical theories, in particular, Rubi and
Miguel [5]
and Felderhof and Jones [6].
On this basis the spectrum of hydrodynamic collective modes of a Heisenberg
ferrofluid is found [7].
We derive the explicit expressions for the dispersion and dampling coefficient
of sound modes depending on the value of external magnetic field. It is shown
that the sound velocity is isotropic and can be simply identified with the
adiabatic compressibility at constant magnetization. The heat and spin modes
are purely diffusive. Explicit expressions for the viscosity, thermal
conductivity, spin diffusion and thermomagnetic diffusion coefficients
containing the corresponding time correlation functions are also derived. These
results are compared with previous ones obtained mainly within phenomenological
theories. The hydrodynamic time correlation functions could be calculated by
solving eigenvalues problem for the generalized hydrodynamic matrix. The most
interesting of them are the ''density-density'' and ''spin-spin'' time
correlation functions which can be determined by scattering experiments. In the
hydrodynamic limit we obtain [8]
the analytical expressions for all the time correlation functions constructed
on conserved variables. It is shown that for non-zero value of external field
the additional contributions appear in both ''density-density'' and
''spin-spin'' time correlation functions due of coupling both subsystems. For
example, the ''spin-spin'' time correlation function has an additional term
contributed by sound excitations. Besides, all the parameters in these
expressions are functions of external field.
Possibilities for
further investigations
It will be also discussed the possibility to use the
developed approach for the study of more complicated statistical models in
which the shape of particles and many-component structure of a ferrofluid can
be taken into account. The obtained results can be also used for interpretation
of some experimental data.
Acknowledgment.
This study is supported in
part by the Fonds for Forderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung under Project
P 12422 TPH.